The Importance Of Water In Islam Theology Religion Essay

The Importance Of weewee In Islam Theology Religion EssayIn Malaysia, after Pakatan Rakyat c distri furtherively(prenominal)er successfully conquering Selangor state from Barisan Nasional party since 2008, they have launched a mickle of initiative welf atomic number 18s for Selangor residents. On 13 March 2008, Selangor State Government has de none the implementation of Merakyatkan Ekonomi Selangor (MES) agenda to improve living standard of Selangor residents. There argon 14 agendas included in MES and one of them is expel piddle grooming for the first 20 cubiform meters urine domestic consumers who using un unify meters in Selangor starting from June 2008. Selangor State Government offers first 20 cubic meters pee which equivalent to 20,000 liters or 5.680 g exclusivelyons per month for free. This benefit is for all Selangor throng regardless of their providence status, race or political affiliation.Other than that, the chief(prenominal) objective of this welf ar is to reduce the burden life especially for low-income groups as a result cost of living and the inflation rates ar continue to increase. At the same time, it is of the holistic and integrated components to restructuring peeing guidance in order to provide more efficient and effective service. by dint of this program, Selangor State Government bear the honest cost of rebate RM 11.00 per month for each wasting disease of goods and servicesr. Then, the record payment by the Selangor State Government is utter in bill received by each user from SYABAS (Selangor peeing Supply Company).Besides that, 20 cubic meters of free wet add is only eligible for domestic consumers who use various(prenominal) meters. For domestic users who use bulk meters in condominiums and apartments, they need to change to individual meters to enjoy this free irrigate. Change of bulk meters to individual meters is subject to the conditions set by SYABAS. As the result, currently more than one million masses who use individual meters enjoy it especially low cost apartment dwellers. Until July 2012, over RM 6 million was spent on free piddle to residents of low-cost apartments finished Safwa Scheme (Free Water Rebate Scheme). consort to Housing and Property Selangor carte (LPHS) report, 92% or 58, 049 units already received. While the remaining 8% or 6, 666 units failed to implement the rebate claim due to labor shortages in enounce Management Body (JMB).This positive action shows the governing bodys responsibility toward worldly concern welf atomic number 18. In Islam, this is a good example be get to the leader should government issue c atomic number 18 of their deal. However, or so consider this program involves high costs and allow for affect the storage allocation of funds provided by the Government of Malaysia to Selangor state. In Islam, the leader should manage the public properties to avoid nullify for non so important activities. Therefore, a super study a nd analysis are require to ensure that the program is agreeable with Moslem law.2. WATER ACCESIBILITY ANALYSIS2.1 THE IMPORTANCE OF WATER IN ISLAMHistorically, all ancient civilizations in the world began in area that has irrigate supply resources such(prenominal) as river or seashore. For instance, Mesopotamia civilization began at Euphrates and Tigris River, China civilization began at Huang He River and India civilization began at Indus River. This fact shows that they are really affirm on piddle in their daily life. Water from the river is utilize to irrigate agricultural areas, cooking, bathing and some opposites. Based on Al-Mujam Al-Mufahras book, water or al-ma in Arabic was mentioned 63 times in the Al-Quran.According to Naser I. Faruqui, water is precise importance in Islam. It is a blessing from Allah that gives and sustains life, and purifies homokind and the orb. It is based on Allah words in verse 65 of Surah Al-Nahl And Allah sends down water from above, and therewith gives life to the earth after its d tuckerh. Surely there is a distinction in this for a people who listen. Besides that, Allah said all beings is make from water. According to the research, the earth is covered with 3/4 water and the tender body contained of 3/4 water. In verse 30 of Surah Al-Anbiya Do non those who dis cerebrate see that the heavens and the earth were closed up, so We rent them. And We made from water anything living. Will they not then believe?.Due to water is very important resource for every people regardless rich or poor, Islam declared that everyone has the right to a intermediate share of water employment. This claim is emphasized by the hadith describe by Abu Dawud that Rasulullah said Muslims have common share in lead things grass (pasture), water and fire (fuel). In addition, the prophesier forbids Muslims hoarding the superfluous water and he is obliged to allow others to use it. The Prophet state Among the deuce-ace people All ah will ignore on the Day of Resurrection are a man who possessed superfluous water on a way and he withheld it from the travellers. This hadith was narrated by Al-Bukhari.https//encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcR8g4Uk3P9ItU0f-ejiXhXQbYkshXwyH6OQ1Ic463fu1Fuk030Chttps//encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcSsOS628HbJuBc5CBTS7_dg-mbQo9POI1BgyGI90Ns8hB9hHBFFTigris-Euphrates River in Egypt and Huang He River in China use for irrigation2.2 TYPES OF WATER IN ISLAMIn Islam, water is inbred for the Muslims to correct themselves such as cause ablution (wudhu) forrader the prayer and perform obligatory bath (ghusl) after having sexual intercourse. One of the conditions, these actions is necessary to use minute water to make it sensible. Thus, the absence of clean water will make it difficult for Muslims to manage their daily life and to worship to Allah SWT. In reality, there are different types of water in this world and not all water is suitable for kind-hearted. Basically, the water covers around 70% of the earth and it is very exposed to other elements that sens change its buffer condition. Thus, this requires human wisdom to determine whether the water can be used or not. In Fiqh Taharah or Islamic Hygienically Jurisprudence, Islam has divided water into three main parts which utter(a) water and can flush other things (tahur), tenuous water however cant purify other things (tahir), and water containing dirt which not complete(a) and cant purify other things (mutanajjis). premiere major(ip) category is pure water and can purify other things (tahur). This water can be divided deeper into mutlaq water and musyammas water. For mutlaq water, it remains with the original nature of its occurrence have been made by Allah. It is water that has not been mixed with dirt, water reservoir that is more than two tank cars no seven- twenty-four hours used and not mixed with other substances. In addition, the water is quiet mutlaq water even th ought it has changed due to abandoned for long result in turd, moss and stagnant areas. In addition, if the water continuously flowing but contain sulfur it still categorized as mutlaq water. This is due to water is in liquid condition and difficult to differentiate it. For two tanks measurement, the aloofness and the width is 60 centimeter or 22.5 inches respectively with depth 62.5centimeter or 25 inches. If the two tanks measurement is converted into the weight measurement, it equals to 174 liters or xcl kilogram or 11 kerosene cans.Besides that, there are eight types of water including in the mutlaq water which are river water, well water, rainfall down water, dew water, sea water, snow water, spring water and tap water. The Prophet Muhammad similarly ordered to use mutlaq water to clean the dirt. This evidence is based on Abu Hurairah narration a Bedouin stood up and peed in the mosque, so his friends prevent it. Upon this Rasulullah said, tolerate him and pour a contain er of water over the urine. Indeed, you are asked to facilitate not troublesome. Then, match to beau Abu Abdullah Husayn Nasir bin Muhammad Taib in his As-Subyan Hidayatul book non valid the purge unless water come from common qaid such as sugar cane, sugar, soap and such, and water from the sky such as rain and dew or water coming out of the earth such as sea water, river water and well water.On the other hand, musyammas water is sooner different compare to mutlaq water. In Al-Ba beetle off Matla book written by Sheikh Abdul Al-Fatani Faqir Muhammad Bin Ismail Daud Al-Fatani stated Musyammas water is also pure water and can purify other things but abominable (makruh) to use it on the body. It afraid contributes to hairpiece disease when people used it. The position is long-lasting in a container and heated by sunlight in bouncy climate states. This matter very seriously considered by Rasulullah as in a story narrated by Baihaqi From Saiditina Aishah indeed she is heating the water below sunlight, and Rasuluhlah SAW had said to her do not do that O Aishah because the water can cause hairpiece disease. Literally, makruh operator dislike, blamed and displeasing. It refers to leave anything not demanded by Allah but not prohibited to do it. Acts which are makruh are definitely discouraged but the evidence to prove they are require is less gruelling. Thus, the commission of makruh acts is not blamed but its omission is preferable. bite major category is pure water but cant purify other things (tahir). This water can be divided more into mustamal water and muqayyad water. For mustamal water, the water is able to drink but not applicable for cleansing. According to Ibn Akhil in his book entitled Al-Mutaalim Zadul Mustamal water is less than two tank that has been used for impurities such as has been used in ablution and bath or water that has been used in remove the dirt. After that, it is not valid to purify other things. Besides that, water from trees, f ruits and roots also considered as mustamal water. Then, all water can change by two ways which are changing by taqdiri and changing by hissi. Changing by taqdiri actor the water only change on taqdir (stipulation) and the changes cant be seen. So, mustamal water is under changing by taqdiri However, changing by hissi means the changes that can be seen. Mutlaq water is under changing by hissi. In addition, Syeikh Faqih Dr. Wahbah Al-Zuhaili argued that the amount of water also affect water quality. For example is mustamal water become mutlaq water if the quantity more than 2 tank or 270 liter.httphttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9rNWJpceIylzY7gP_sQkKFRd0NQT_z3opRl1y8QHIFi68KeDrUpEGwZf3NVn70QyHEGykutktIp7sC0izxHwrCSgpxcQwW42NoHZ5Vmek6dqY9nzgSxNpMF2GzfQnmqgIH95PcSqPXMU/s1600/embun.jpg http//4.bp.blogspot.com/-nnUqsIEWWw4/UEkvF_5_9PI/AAAAAAAABkU/_9k9GRFtIFw/s1600/Sungai+Kehidupan.jpg httphttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRQRcdoV56BqOT-Ght7iikpkdxhurMP9GBh7UgjIHUN98qnPhUyymRq85T-cFeGCwLc9r8xbiUKts_IkgKi8lydrL29kAdFZXGrr_eKr85b_cr5YDzcVHRRf9bGCOpDVPwqUW366MYL-E/s1600/Salji+memutih.jpgDew water, river water and snow water are some sources that can be used for mutlaq waterNext, water is mixed b y two ways. outset way is finished mujawir. This means the water changes because there is something that can be separated from the water. For example, a person put a stick in a pail to stir the water in the pail. Then, the stick can be pulled out from the pail. Then the water is still regarded as pure water. Second way is through mukhalit. This means the water changes because there is something that uneffective separated from the water. For instance, a person put the fruit flavor in a pail of water. It is impossible to separate fruit flavor and water to their original condition. Then the water no longer exists as pure water as has changes to mustamal water.In contrast, muqayyad water is water that is mixed with something pure that changing one of the characteristics. For instance are coffee water, sugarcane succus and soap. In Islamic view, parameters for water quality are based on the chemical and physical characteristics of smell, taste, color and temperature. Then, qayyad on water is divided into qayyad lazim and qayyad musfaq. For qayyad lazim, it means substances attached together until it absolutely different from pure water such as coffee and honey. Although pure, it still cant be used for purification because already mixed with variations of water. However, for qayyad musfaq, it means substances detached among each other and not affect pure water such as rain water and well water. Thus, the water is still cited as pure water. triad major category is water containing dirt which not pure and cant purify other things (mutanajjis). There are three main conditions regarding to mutanajjis water which unable for purification. First condition is water containing less than two tanks even though the water does not change color, smell and taste. Second condition is water containing more than two tanks but has changes color, odor and taste due to the dirt. Third condition is water is mixing with clean substances but has the color, smell and taste. In terms of language, dirt is defined as dirty things such as blood, urine and feces. In terms of syara, dirt is defined as all the impurities that prevent validity for pray.There are three types of dirt according to their hierarchy and all the dirt must be purified using mutlaq or pure water. The lightest dirt is mukhaffafah. It is the urine of baby boy who only eat breast milk and less than two years old. The cleansing rules are by wash and wipe the urine before sprinkle the pure water on the place. The command dirt is mutawasittah. It is including blood, pus, vomit, saliva, alcohol and others. The cleansing methods are washing until lost any nature color, smell and taste before cleanse by pure water. The heaviest dirt is mughallazah. It is the dirt relate to go after and pig. The cleansing methods are by wash once by soil water. Then, continue washing by using pure water for sextuplet times until loss any nature color, smell and taste. If still not gone, repeat the washing method.2.3 THE WATER MANAGEMENT IN MUSLIM COUNTRIESIn December 1998, the Workshop on Water Resources Management in the Islamic origination was held in Amman, Jordan. One of the discussions is implementation approaches for water demand counseling (WDM) within the context of Islam. The approaches are water conservation and wastewater apply.In water conservation approach, they argued supply of water is fixed. Thus, water management is needed to ensure the amount water supply is enough with the amount of water used. This opinion can be approved in verse 18 of Surah Al-Mukminun And We send down water from the sky according to certain measure, and We cause it to soak in the soil and We certainly are able to drain it off (with ease). Human can use water in moderate way and not consume beyond the limit. If extravagant exist, Allah has right to take back His blessings. The Prophet also taught human to consume efficiently. According to Al-Bukhari The Prophet Mohammad used to perform ablution with one m udd of water equal to 2/3 litres and used to take a bath with one sa up to five mudds equal to 2-3 1/2 litres.Currently, this water conservation approach shows positive impact when the World Health Organization (WHO) launched a health education program through mosques. The program included training imams on proper health practices, water conservation, water saving, proper sanitation and hygiene in the prevention of diseases. In addition, the imams then gave sermons about water conservation during the congregational Friday prayer.For wastewater reuse approach, they argued water should not be wasted. Thus, water should be used for unspoilt purposes and use it in effective and efficient way. In verse 31 of Surah Al-Araf O Children of Adam wear your beautiful apparel at every time and place of prayer eat and drink But waste not by excess, for Allah loveth not the wasters. From this verse, Allah hate people who are un economical in eat and drink. Normally, individual drinking water eve ry day in their life because thirsty. However, if some people deliberately waste the water, others people might not able to drink sufficient of water.Reusing wastewater is an inwrought component of a demand management strategy because it conserves freshwater for the highest-value uses. In 1978, the Council of Leading Islamic Scholars (CLIS) in Saudi Arabia concluded in a special fatwa in 1978 that treated wastewater can be used even for ablution and drinking as soon as absence of health risk. This fatwa was concluded based on detailed study by scientists and engineers toward waste water condition and its short-term and long-term effects toward human health.https//encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcSoqOSAOx-jkOGFXzuoHnGRRLp9YxRrEyJ9h43NZnWLDLZpKPlMBAhttps//encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcQSzWez8vfEZ2s1lOiiy2JAJYwffJC_oiFVrqNqQe0W-P0qUZfRJwSaudi Arabia Wastewater Treatment Plant at Riyadh and Al HailBoth water conservation approach and wastewater reuse approac h was introduced before are classified as non-economic approach. However, in a book entitled Water Management in Islam, one economic approach which called family planning was added. Basically, family planning not directly reducing the average water consumption. However, it helps for further reductions in overall availability of water per capita. By family planning, the government can predict future reduction of water consumption as size of members per family smaller. When future result is known, it facilitates the government to provide positive long-term planning in order to overcome future conundrums.However, the problem is family planning or contraception is new in Islam. During Prophet Muhammad era, about Muslims have big family members because it didnt have birth control regulations. Therefore, based on this situation, a few Islamic scholars believe that birth control is not allowable in Islam. Still, some others scholar said it is no strong evidence in Islam to support a ban on family planning. Moreover, they defend although the religion encourages having children, it is not obligatory. Finally, the contemporary jurists agreed that family planning is allowable in Islam with a few conditions must be followed. First, it is only permissible for married couple man and woman. Second, it should have the mutual consent of the couple and thirdly, the chosen method must truly controllable.As conclusion, three approaches stated before will provide some alternatives for Islamic countries to choose the possible method for their water management. The holistic assessment should be implemented according to reinforcements and single outs of each approach. For water conservation, the advantage it is not very large cost but the disadvantage may no full commitment from society. For wastewater reuse, the advantage it is able for countries which doesnt have abundant water sources but the disadvantage it covers very high cost for building plants and continuous treatment process. For family planning, the advantage it is the government able to predict future water usage but the disadvantage it will reduces number of Muslims population in that country.3.WATER RIGHTShttp//mes.selangor.gov.my/modules/content/content.php?page=air-percuma-setiap-bulanhttp//airkumalaysia.blogspot.com/2011/06/cara-menjimatkan-air.htmlhttp//web.idrc.ca/openebooks/924-0/page_xxhttp//www.meed.com/sectors/economy/government/saudi-arabia-presses-ahead-with-a-wastewater-revolution/3007439.articlehttp//istajib.blogspot.com/2011/04/air-dan-islam-sorotan-ringkas.htmlhttp//www.ustaznoramin.com/2011/03/pembahagian-air-dalam-islam.htmlhttp//www.ustaznoramin.com/2011/03/pembahagian-najis-dalam-islam.htmlhttp//www.al-azim.com/masjid/infoislam/ibadat/air.htm

The dissociative identity disorder diagnosis controversy

The divisible identity turnover diagnosis controversyDissociative Identity overturn (DID), formerly known as Multiple Personality Disorder (MPD), has been astray effd and analyze over the years. Although Dissociative Identity Disorder was formally accepted by the DSM-IV as a valid psychiatrical diagnosis, yearning debate ab out(a) its lustiness is still common. thither argon both prefatory positions that dominate the controversy of DID. There are some who conceptualise that it is a valid diagnosis. Proponents of DID argue that those who resist to diagnose their long-sufferings with DID and fail to recognize the distemper are non well trained. magic spell others argue that DID is non a valid psychiatric diagnosis. These tribe argue that DID is shitd by direct individuals who look continuously searches for the right healer until they receive the diagnosis that they cherished. In auxiliary to that, these people look at that DID is an iatrogenic pheno manpoweron br ought on by bumbling therapists through hypnosis and suggestions.For those who argue that DID is a valid diagnosis they point out that the diagnosis of Dissociative Identity Disorder is extremely convoluted. One of the reasons that its composite plant to diagnose is because of how difficult it is to several(predicate)iate from mevery other(prenominal) other syndromes. In amplification to that, DID can even coexist with more(prenominal) familiar and less debatable syndromes. In 1984, Coons stated that DID can be confused with other dissociative disorderlinesss such as psychogenic amnesia and fugue, and depersonalization disorder. Furthermore, DID can overly be confused with atypical dissociative disorder experience by those who were in prisoner or hostage piazzas and dissociates from the stress such as physical and emotional abuse that they endure caused by their captors. Since phobias, mood swings and change reactions like pseudo seizures, paralysis, and blindness are c ommon with anxiety, affective, and somatoform disorder they whitethorn as well as co-exist with multiple constitution disorder. In order to obtain more certainty that a affected role has DID, Coons suggested that information from external sources such as family members, friends, coworkers, and hospital staff is measurable. When asking these people, a clinician should ask about evidence of genius changes, persistent lying, use of third person, wadwriting changes, and many others deadly signs that may provide evidence of DID (Coons, 1984). In addition to Coons, in a survey conducted by Horevitz and Braun (1984), they anchor that DID can co-exist with minimal personality. They studied 93 enduring roles with confirmed diagnoses of DID. During the contemplate they were simply if to evaluate 33 of the 93 illustrations. They tack that 23 of the 33 or 70% of their sample also qualified for the diagnosis of borderline personality (Horevitz Braun 1984). Similar to the studi es conducted by Horevitz and Braun, and Coons, clary, Burstin, and Carpenter concluded that DID has a lot in common with borderline personality. They drew their conclusions from 11 patients who were poor and referred through usual agencies and womens shelter. On their study, Clary et al. noted the difference amongst their findings and Richard Klufts (1982) findings. Kluft found borderline characteristics in completely 22.8% of his 70 subjects. 45% of them were describe as neurotic mixtures and 32% were described as hysterical-depressive. Clary et al. assumed that their results were antithetic from Kluft because Klufts patients were from a private psychoanalytical practice. Because of this, their functioning is better because of the demands intensive psychoanalytic psychotherapy entails (Clary, Burstin, Carpenter, 1984).Proponents of DID like hum North, Jo-Ellyn Ryall, Daniel Ricci, and Richard Wetzel point out documented physiologic differences between personalities of patient s with DID. These claims were then back up by the argument that these symptoms could not be replicated by normal people or professional actors. This is because, there are distinctive patterns among the different personalities that a patient with DID has. These differences can be detected through the positron liberation tomography (PET) scans, evoked potentials, voice prints, optical acuity, eye muscle balance, visual field size, galvanic skin response, electroencephalographic patterns, electromyography, and cerebral blood stream (North et al., 1993, pg. 29).Proponents argue that DID patients are quiet, unassuming, and shy individuals who do not seek public attention. fit to Kluft (1985), DID patients try to disguise their conditions because they are worried about the reactions that theyre passage to gravel from reluctant therapists. In different studies conducted by Kluft, he found multiple times the reluctance that DID patients feel when seeing a therapist. In one of his stud ies, he found that only 40% of patients with DID showed penetrative hints of the disorder go 40% showed no overt signs at all. In that study he found that the diagnosis of DID was an inverse relationship to how clear the symptoms were in the patient. During this study he also found that multiples who enter treatment do because of affective, psychotic-like, or somatoform symptoms as opposed to classical DID symptoms. Since the presentation of the disorder is oftentimes subtle, Kluft points out that it is important for clinicians to work very hard to elicit a bill compatible with DID. Similar to Coons, Kluft specifically mentioned that its important for clinicians to use indirect inquiries for patients who show the symptoms of DID (Kluft, 1984). In 1986 he found that 50% of DID patients withheld evidence of DID during their starting line assessment, and 90% said that at one point in their lives they tried and true to hide the manifestations of DID. Kluft also found that there a re some cases where the symptoms of DID are not voluntarily provided to the therapist because patients are unaware that they obtain the disorder (Kluft, 1986). In spite of a lack of consensus that DID is a valid psychiatric disorder, proponents of DID, like Kluft, have divided DID into subtypes. Later Kluft (1991) described the typology of DID presentation that includes the spare-time activity types Classic MPD, latent MPD, posttraumatic MPD, extremely complex of fragmented MPD, Epochal or sequential MPD, isomorphic MPD, coconscious MPD, possessioniform MPD, reincarnation/mediumistic MPD, atypical MPD, secret MPD, ostensible complex number companionship MPD, covert MPD, phenocopy MPD, somatoform MPD, Orphan symptom MPD, switch-dominated MPD, ad hoc MPD, modular MPD, quasi-roleplaying MPD, and pseudo-false verifying MPD (North et. al, 1993, pg. 30).Another person who believes that DID is a valid psychiatric disorder is brad Foote. Foote (1999) wrote a paper that features why DID can easily be ridiculous for hysterical phenomena. One of the main critiques that other people have is that DID does not occur naturally. Instead, its symptoms are a modern version of hysteria. In this view, many believe that patients may create or report dissociative symptoms both intentionally and unintentionally in order to assume the sick role. Opponents believe that this sick role is advantageous because of the attention that they get from friends, family, and their therapist. In addition to that, some proponents believe that the therapist has a big influence on the patients pathology and thus contri unlesses to this phenomenon. According to this view, patients did not have any symptoms of DID present earlier to seeing a therapist. On the other hand, those who treat DID patients argue that 1. There is a naturally occurring presentation of DID, prior to therapist suggestions 2. Patients do not embrace the DID diagnosis go for involvemently, and in fact usually fight at least as hard to reject as, for extremely ego-dystonic 3. DID symptoms do not disappear when ignored and 4. The disorder actually begins in childhood, in the context of overwhelming trauma, and there could not possibly be caused by the great(p) therapist together with the patient (Foote, 1999, pg. 321). Foote describes that for a typical DID patient, ineffectiveness takes tush in a severe level. He states that it is common for a DID patient to have a long history of abuse, usually including sexual abuse. When it comes to analyse DID, Foote explains a situation in which a typical DID patient entrust find herself in. If the therapists bias that the DID patient is creating her symptoms to seek attention, this bias will only be confirmed by all of the drama and attention that the patient will have. Whether or not the patient does anything spectacular depends on the therapist. Subsequently, if the patient is chideing to a skeptical listener, the patient will feel powerless and will caus e her to give up, or become hysterical and horrific in her communications in order to explain to her therapist her symptoms. Furthermore, if the therapist has a strong bias that switching from one personality to another is feigned, there are no data that could falsify this statement. If the patients switch is subtle the observer would think that there is no big deal and it doesnt come along like the patient has a different personality. Similarly, if the patient has a prominent switch the therapist would believe that her actions are exaggerated and obviously unreal. With this said, however, Foote wanted to clarify that DID diagnosis is not immune from factitious presentations for the purpose of attention-seeking. However, scepticism can become a barrier to the possibility of the diagnosis to be perceived. To conclude, Foote wanted to point out that first, DID by its nature is unavoidably dramatic and that this causes clinicians to be unconvinced before they have ever seen a DID p atient. Because of this, he encourages clinicians to be open-minded and be aware of how complicated DID can be. He believes that if a clinician takes their time to patiently immerse him/herself in the world of DID, they will discover the possibilities of DID that are not readily available superficially. Second, Foote points out that its important for clinicians to, Hopefully, we can call upon our own internal resources of calmness and confidence that if a story is true it will ultimately be heard, and proceed to enunciate accordingly (pg. 342).According to Frank Putnam (1996), There are three basic criticism when it comes to the validity of DID. The first one is that DID is an iatrogenic disorder caused by the shrink. Second, critics say that DID is produced by the media. Finally, critics say that DID case numbers are increase exponentially over the years. For the first argument on DID macrocosm caused by a psychiatrist, Putnam points out that there are at least dickens clinical studies that have shown that there are no distinct differences between those who are diagnosed with DID and was inured with or without hypnosis. Also, many patients who have never been treated using hypnosis was diagnosed with DID. This shows that the accusation that the misuse of hypnosis is responsible for the disorder is not accurate. Second, by looking at decades worth of research on the media effects on behavior, Putnam says that it is clear that exposure to specific media is not a sure cause of a certain behavior. He points out that the portrayal of violence in the media is more common than the depiction of DID. Yet, critics say that the small amount DID portrayals in the media is significantly responsible for the increase in diagnosed cases. Finally regarding DID cases increasing exponentially Putnam says that its common for critics to inflate their numbers without any evidence supporting their figures. According to him, after plotting the numbers of published cases of DID h e found that they have change magnitude but not as dramatic as critics make it sound. In fact, over the kindred period of time other disorders such as Lyme disease, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and chronic fatigue syndrome have shown an equal or rapid increase in published cases compared to DID. These results reflect the results of basic advancement in the medical field. Disorders increase in published cases may be imputable to the new discoveries of symptoms that used to be unrelated. As new symptoms are found to be related to certain disorders, the more the physicians can identify the condition. Ultimately, Putnam believes that DID meets the standards of theme validity criterion, criterion-related validity, and construct validity considered necessary for the validity of a psychiatric diagnosis (pg. 263).One of the controversial topics about DID and its diagnosis is that hypnosis elicit DID. Richard Kluft, a Clinical of Professor of Psychiatry in Temple University School of euphony believes that hypnosis or suggestion may be the reason some patients have climb up personalities. However, he believes that iatrogenesis or hypnosis do not explain DID. While Putnam (1986) did not detect and differences in clinical presentation, symptoms, or past history between patients who were hypnotised and those who werent. Furthermore, Ross et al. (1989) conducted a study where they studied 236 patients who were diagnosed with DID. They found that only a third of these patients had been hypnotized prior to being actually diagnosed with DID. In addition to this study, Ross conducted another study where he compared DID patients of psychiatrists who specialize in DID and patients of psychiatrists who did not specialize in this disorder. They concluded that DID is not iatrogenic. The idea of iatrogenesis has been continuously disputed. The study that Ross et al. (1989) found compelling evidence that shows that DID is a real(a) disorder with unchanging core features wit h compelling evidence.Nicholas Spanos, a Professor of Psychology at Ottawas Carelton University conducted both experiments which explores DID. He argues that DID patients are not passive victims. Instead, they are patients who do things to purposefully be diagnosed with the disorder. He also argued that therapists assist these patients achieve their goals. The therapists provide encouragement, information, and governance for the different identities. For his first experiment in 1984, he had forty-eight undergrad volunteers as his subjects. They were asked to role-play an accuse multiple murder named Henry or Betty whose lawyer decided to enter a not guilty plea. They were told that a psychiatrist would interview them and might even use hypnosis. If hypnosis was used they were asked to also role-play being hypnotized. The subjects were not told anything about DID. There were three possible conditions that eight men and eight women were randomly assigned to. In the first condition, the subjects were asked if the felt the same thing as Harry or Betty or if they felt any different. In the reciprocal ohm condition, subjects were told that they had complex personalities but hypnosis would allow the therapist to get behind the wall that hid their inner thoughts from awareness. Furthermore, the hypnotist would be able to talk to their other personality under hypnosis. In the third, which was the control group, subjects were told that personality was complex and included walled-off thoughts and feelings. Spanos also administered a five-item sentence completion and a differential test to all subjects (it included all their different roles, where a second personality was enacted). After the psychiatrist told the subjects their personality, they asked the same four questions to each subject. The responses were rated by judges who didnt know the subjects treatment groups. The results showed that 81% of the subjects who were asked if they felt the same thing as harry o r Betty or are they different and 31% of subjects in hidden-part treatment select a new name. 70% of those subjects who adopted a new name had deuce different identities. 63% of subjects in the hypnotic treatments displayed spontaneous amnesia. While, none of the control subjects used a different name or had amnesia. In his discussion Spanos makes four points. First, only the subjects who were hypnotized used another name, reported two different identities, and amnesia. Second, all but one subject who had multiple personalities admitted guilt on the second administration. Those who had no multiple personalities continuously denied guilt. Third, Spanos points out how easy it is to fake multiple personality even without the knowledge of DID. Finally, Spanos points out that multiple typically show secernate personalities. Spanos believes that the amnesia of his subjects was a strategic way to control the subjects ability to callback a memory in response to the situation at hand (Spa nos 1984).Another point that opponents want to make is that DID is well suited for providing patients a way to avoid being responsible for their actions. Kluft (1985) described some DID patients who honour their disorder. In hospital wards, other patients complain that DID patients avoid accountability and responsibility. DID may also be accounted for the failures that a person with DID wants to avoid facing. DID patients use this disorder as an excuse for their difficulties or failures to explain why they were in the situation that they were in. According to Bliss, another way that DID can be beneficial to others is that it shows an vent to express behaviors that are deemed unacceptable, such as sexual behaviors, physical aggressions, or substance abuse. An alternate personality may abuse substances or rape, while the host personality would never do such a thing. This fits the descriptions that alternate personalities are usually irresponsible and likes to act out with the host p ersonality as proper. Alternate personalities are also created to manage unpleasant emotions that the patient wants to avoid. Specific emotions are assigned to a personality as a way to avoid having to acknowledge strong or painful emotions. (Kluft, 1985).Since the case of Eve Black became famous Thigpen and Cleckley wrote a paper where they showed concern for the pandemic of DID cases. There were thousands of patients who travelled thousands of miles to see different therapists until they received the diagnosis that they wanted. non only that, but they go through great lengths such as talking on the phone in different voices, sending photographs of different selves, and writing letters with different handwritings for every paragraph. When it comes to these people, these desperate actions would not break down until they were diagnosed with DID. Another category of patients wrongly diagnoses with DID were attention-seeking hysterics who are affected by the labeling process. While, the hold up category that they described are groups of individuals who arent satisfied with their self-concept so they use disassociation to allow the unacceptable aspects of their personalities to be expressed (Thigpen Cleckley, 1984).Proponents of DID assert that DID is a genuine disorder that has a valid diagnosis, whereas skeptics argue that DID is an iatrogenic or faked condition. These two different arguments may both be persuasive but neither of them does not answer the question of the validity of DID. It is important to evaluate these arguments to view the extent of the diagnosis of DID. Current knowledge of the clinical phenomenology of DID cannot be considered as either proof or disproof that DID is a valid diagnostic entity. Kluft calls for active research rather than fruitless debate (pg. 3). Future studies on DID will have many opportunities to address the challenges that both proponents and opponents of DID diagnosis validity pose.

Victim Profiling Is A Subject Criminology Essay

dupe Profiling Is A prevail everywhere Criminology Essay dupe compose is a subject that has continued to allure a lot of public imagination. Many investigators have studied man behavior and iniquity in the broad context of dupe pen. Currently, dupe write is not a subject that force out be viewed secretively as a mysterious technique employed by the U.S law force when seeking to solve nuisance. Its main objective is to watch a law-breaking from both the dupe and perpetrators perspectives. It involves both fact-finding psychological science and crime scene analysis. The subject has also received a lot of media guardianship as a technique employed by the constabulary. As the guard try to ensure public safety, they go away use several(prenominal) dicks to hear deplorcapables. Despite the tremendous advances do in victim profile, the technique is characterized with dissimilar hassles. Victim pen systems needs to be meliorate to ensure it provides close and r eliable discipline. It should be historied that if victim compose is breakd and the right way implemented, it go forth continue to be a valuable and exciting scientific tool for criminal investigations.Keywords Victim profiling, criminal investigations, crime sceneVictim ProfilingVictim profiling good deal be defined as a set of progresses and techniques use to predict the characteristics of an unidentified offender with investigating and analyzing the prove obtained from the scene of crime. By analyzing the scene of crime, an investigator aims to understand the individualizedity, demographic and behavioral characteristics of the offender. The characteristics obtained from the crime scene bathroom be used to identify the behavior patterns of the un cognise offender. The paper pull up stakes address the come to the fore of victim profiling, problems that make it less effective and also provide evidence of ineffectiveness. Finally, it result suggest how these problems e arth-closet be addressed in bless to improve the effectiveness of victim profiling.Victim profiling generally determines the create and effect relationship aspects between the scene of crime, victim, witness and the offender. The technique is in general used in crime scenes where the identity of the offender is not known and in serious types of crimes such(prenominal) as murder and rape. The per pee-peeance uses crime scene information to create a psychological portrait of the unknown perpetrator (Muller, 2000).A profiler will take information such as the state of the crime scene, nature of weapons used and what was said or do to the victim to come up with a victim profile. In addition, it dope include information such as geographic pattern of the crime, style of entry and exit from the crime scene and where the offender resides. The real process of victim profiling may differ from one investigator to an other(prenominal) depending on ones level of training. However, the ai m of the process will still quell the identical which is to deduce the personality, physical and behavioral characteristics of the perpetrator (Muller, 2000). It should be noted that a victim profile by itself will not elate a criminal or solve a crime. However, the profile will play a big role in take careing the police in their investigations.A victim profile may not be in truth faultless in suggesting with certainty the real perpetrator of a crime. Nonetheless, it greatly assists the police by providing the right direction in crime investigation. For instance, when the police have not found any fails in a crime, a victim profile can prove potentially important by suggesting helpful hints which the police may have overlooked. According to Muller (2000), on that point atomic number 18 close to crimes where victim profiling may not be obligatory. However, it is very suitable in crimes where the unknown offender leaves behind signs of psychological medicine or in situations where the crime scene dilates some form of ritualistic or violent nature.There ar several approaches of victim profiling such as geographic profiling, crime scene analysis, investigative psychology and diagnostic evaluation. Diagnostic evaluation basically relies on clinical judgment. criminal offense scene analysis approach is the roughly popular technique of victim profiling and was developed by the Behavioral Science Unit of the American Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). Crime scene analysis approach relies on deductive reasoning, intuitive thinking and pattern identification make by experienced investigators. On the other hand, investigative psychology relies on behaviorism. It is based on the fundamental principle that the manner in which a crime is committed can illustrate the behavioral characteristics of the offender (Young, 2006). geographic profiling approach emphasizes on the crime scene location in providing offenders information.The Problems of Victim Profil ingSince victim profiling cannot be regarded exclusively as a science, debates have been raised over its effectiveness. There are versatile methods of carrying out victim profiling. As a result, varied opinions have emerged over which approach is considered the best. Some people question the scientific lustiness of an offenders victim profile because it is seen that it is hugely based on guess work. For instance, in a murder case, the manner in which a victims body is left can mean various things which may not really be the same considering the many factors that may need to be looked at. Therefore, if victim profiling is not through accurately, it can generate wrong school principals and throw off investigations (Young, 2006).Over-generalizations and stereotyping can also impact on the effectiveness of the victim profiling technique. For instance, a cloud judgment may be used to reason that most offenders in rape cases are single men living with their parents. However, this may not necessarily be the case and can lead to creating a false victim profile if the offender turns out to be a married man with his own family.The other problem that hinders the credibility of victim profiling is lack of adequate data or insufficient instructive capacity (Kocsis, 2007). These problems may fall short in providing a authorised and comprehensive identification of an unknown offender. This can be the case considering the singularity of offenders variables such as the modus operandi.The validity of victim profiling has emerged as a major problem. According to Kocsis (2007) the validity of the technique may be questioned since offenders information is based on anecdotal accounts. Despite the usefulness of these accounts, they cannot be confidently relied upon to confirm the validity of victim profiling. Most of these accounts are co-authored by investigators who big businessman be led by typical human psyche of victor rather than failure (Kocsis, 2007). As a result, these anecdotal accounts may sometimes lack objective reasoning which may affect the accuracy of the process. some(prenominal) people have criticized the psycho-investigative techniques currently used in victim profiling. These techniques are based on intuitions/instincts which affects the scientific validity of victim profiling. other problem in victim profiling that needs to be addressed is the absence seizure of regulation. Due to lack of regulation, several undependable statements may be made on the media by inexperienced or self-appointed profilers (Kocsis, 2007). Due to lack of regulation, disparities exist in the level of expertnesss required from a profiler. Also, disparities in the skill levels may affect the overall quality of the process.Lack of renderity is the other problem faced in victim profiling. For instance, the nomenclature used in describing the process lacks uniformity. The process has been referred to in many terms such as victim profiling, criminal profil ing, offender profiling, criminal personality profiling and criminal psychological profiling.The reliability of data used in victim profiling is a major issue that affects its effectiveness. The unreliable information relied upon may lead to inaccuracies hence affecting the usefulness of the techniques. The problem of unreliable data affects the temper of the technique among schoolmasters. Some critiques have argued that victim profiling is based on false typologies not supported by empirical theories. Due to problems associated with its unreliability, it can lead to inaccurate profiles which may derail investigations or may lead to biasness towards a wrong suspect.Evidence of its IneffectivenessThe 2002 Beltway Serial Sniper Shootings that happened in eastern United States as an evidence of over-generalizations involved in victim profiling. some(prenominal) victim profiles were made after the shootings. When the suspects were later apprehended, it emerged that the victim profil es had little similarities with the suspects.Another example of over-generalizations in victim profiling is the case of Granny cause of death which occurred in Sydney, Australia in 1989(Kicses, 2007).The victim profile identified the unknown killer whale as a young male of African descent. When the culprit was in the end found, he turned out to be an elderly Anglo-Saxon.Evidence to illustrate lack of uniformity can be observed in the several terminologies used to refer to the process. The process does not have a uniform baseline of defining a serial murder. According to Muller (2000) some people classify a person who has killed two people as a serial murderer. To others, one needs to have killed up to quadruple people to become a serial murder. Therefore, a cut-off point is necessary of identifying whom to label as a serial murderer. Pinizzotto and Finkel (1990) carried out a question to determine the accuracy of victim profiles and the qualitative differences among profilers i n a serial of cases. The profilers included headmaster profilers, psychologists, students and detectives. According to the findings, the accuracy of the unlike profilers varied depending on the case investigated. Profilers were found to be more accurate than other groups in cases of sexual offense. However, the profilers were realized not to be accurate as the detectives in cases of homicide. The field of view also realized that professional profilers wrote more detailed and richer reports than non-profilers (Pinizzotto and Finkel, 1990). This study can act as evidence to show that not good anybody who bears the name profiler has the capability to effectively do victim profiling. Therefore, there is a need for a proper regulation to ensure that only professional profilers with the required set of skills engage in victim profiling.How to Improve victim ProfilingSince victim profiling is still growth, its credentialing and regulation needs to be given more focus. This can be achi eved through better discourse among investigative agencies on better ways of linking the different approaches of victim profiling. Victim profiling practice needs to be incorporated into a professional body to ensure that it is limitd. Such a regulatory body will help ensure that only people with the required set of skills are allowed to do victim profiling.Secondly, more research needs to be done on victim profiling practice. Such research needs to be open to scientific scrutiny to ensure that they provide reliable and accurate information. Currently, victim profiling is regarded more as an art. If more research is done, the unimaginative techniques of the field will be alter by scientific approach. This will ensure that victim profiling de tie in itself from using literature based unreliable data to becoming a vital tool in crime investigation.In addition, victim profiling can be improved through development of standards which will provide the process with uniformity. Developi ng standards of uniformity will ensure that communication problems are reduced through use of joint terminology. Also, creation of standards will minimize cases of disparities in the practice which arise callable to different methodological procedures. Also, victim profiling can be improved through training and educational requirements for the profilers. Improved training will improve the profilers competency and skill set. As a result, the profiler will be able to avoid biases regarding offenders from influencing a victim profile.Implementation to the SystemAs applied science continues to develop, there is a need to integrate modern computer technologies in victim profiling. For instance, the Canadian police have introduced Computer-Based Violent Crime gene linkage Analysis System (VICLAS) (Young, 2006). VICLAS allows detailed documentation of all solved and undetermined cases of sexual assault, homicide and missing persons. The computer program contains a feature that links var ious crime databases to improve the analytical capacity of the system. Implementation of such systems among various investigative agencies and the police will improve victim profiling technology. Furthermore, it will give the process a more scientific inclination.The different approaches of victim profiling need to be integrated into an effective tool for predicting criminal characteristics and behavior. Geographical profiling, crime scene analysis and investigative psychology need to be correlated to standardize and conceptualize victim profiling technique. Implementing such developments will increase the validity and reliability of victim profiling.Profilers and investigative agencies need to develop better trust to ensure the success of victim profiling. Profilers and investigative agencies need to share crime scene data to assist in determining the existence of similar cases in surrounding areas. Similarities can be realized through comparing notes on offenders modus operandi an d any form of signature left.In addition, profilers need to avoid inductive and indiscriminate profiling and adhere to sound decision making and behavioral science principles. Biasness, personal beliefs and over-generalizations need to be set aside in favor of deductive reasoning.ConclusionVictim profiling is a technique that is still developing and there is a lot that needs to be done. Victim profiling needs to be accurately and reliably in order to be helpful in crime investigations. There are several problems associated with victim profiling such as lack of uniformity, absence of regulation, inadequate information, validity and accuracy concerns. However, the effectiveness of victim profiling can be improved through better training and education of profilers. Also, more emphasis on research is necessary in order to make it more scientific. Furthermore, the technique needs to be professionalized by incorporating it into a professional body to regulate the competency of people who can perform it. Creation of uniform standards in the different approaches of victim profiling, improving linkages between profilers and other investigative agencies, and adoption of modern technologies are other ways of improving the effectiveness of victim profiling.

The Saxophone Changed The World Film Studies Essay

The sax Changed The World Film Studies EssayGot saxophone? This is an excellent story. It has good in social classation that is well presented. It is 1 page short of consideration for an A. Your grade is the highest B I put forward assign, and your point accumulation is 179 of a possible cardinal hundred points.Lorna YoungWhether you listen to rock, metal, rap, jazz, classical or opera, the medicine all has unrivalled connecting element, creatures. With prohibited instruments the realness and practice of medicine would be a untold to a greater extent calmness and boring place. Leo Tolstoy described Music as the shorthand of sense (Brainy quotes, 1/11). Music provide convey feelings and expressions that people can universally understand and feel not just listen to. A very powerful way to convey a feeling is through the vie of an instrument, and the best out of much(prenominal)(prenominal), the Saxoph angiotensin converting enzyme. The Saxophvirtuoso is a newer instru ment notwithstanding with its resplendent range and noise quality it brings life and feeling to the practice of medicine artistic creation form. The Saxophone has flummox one of those so well loved instruments, in large part because of the beauty of its Tone. (Anonymous, 2011). The sax and its famous puzzle outers take changed the fake and sound of practice of medicine forever.The sax was created by a Belgium man named Adolphe Sax, the word of honor of a chief instrument maker. Adolphe learned his tyros skill and razetide surpassed his father in the trade. Adolphe cosmos smart in the field, fixed the technical stiffness of several instruments and also created several instruments in different materials and ways that others previously could not.Being the visionary he was, Adolphe had an idea to create a entirely new instrument. This Instrument would combine the power of a brass instrument with the subtleties of a woodwind instrument and the facility of a pull back ed instrument. After much experimentation, he had his first working model in 1841, which he called the bass horn. It wasnt until a review of his new instrument in the French paper Journal des Debats, however, that the name le saxophon or sax came about. In 1846, Adolphe Sax won cardinal patents for his designs One for a redact of saxs mean for the orchestra and the other for a set of saxophones intended for soldiers bands. Each set consisted of a range of sizes from the small sopranino saxophone to the huge subcontrabass saxophone. These two patents represented Adolphs two dreams for the saxophone (DeJesus).He identify a clarinet-like lip onto a metal body with a conical shape kindred to an oboe and came up with an instrument louder than traditional woodwinds and suitable for military euphony (jazz- practice of medicine- business relationship.com, 2010). Adolphes invention changed military and classical medicinal drug. Adolphe also precious to include the saxophone in th e orchestra setting and there came about more or lesswhat problems with this idea. Adolphe was a very proud man and wanted to always improve the string instruments, which the players and conductors gear up extremely annoying. The sax at the time had several problems so it never became an important piece in the orchestral world. Adolphe also wanted the sax to become an important piece in the military band, which did become true. Adolphe showed the French military band the sax, and while reluctant at first, adopt the piece and was a huge success. Because of this, military bands all over the world wanted a sax in their band. With the saxs prevalence in the military band setting, the sax make it to New Orleans and started the creation of jazz, and its form that it is today (DeJesus). At first the sax was not hugely touristed but, In the nineteen-twenties there were as many as one gazillion saxophones sold, based solely on the sound of the recordings (Anonymous, 2011).The saxophon e changed the world of medicament greatly with its sharp and smooth sound. The history of eff music origins is attributed to the invert of the 20th century New Orleans, although this unique, artistic medium occurred al about at the same time in other North American aras like Saint Louis, Kansas urban center and Chicago. Traits carried from West African black folk music developed in the Americas, joined with European popular and light classical music of the previous(a) 18th and early 19th centuries, became the syncopated rhythms of Ragtime and minor harmonise voicings characteristic of the Blues (Johnson, 2011). When Big Band and swing music was approaching almost in the 1930s the clarinet was the closely greatly used instrument. and as the 1940s rolled around and Bop music became more popular clarinets as a solo instrument started to dwindle and they were replaced by the sax. Ever since then the jazz industry has been forever changed with two leadership instruments, tru mpet and sax (jazz-music-history.com, 2010). Throughout the Saxophone History, the saxophone has enjoyed success in military bands, and then graduated to an increased solo repertoire in the classical world. Meanwhile, it has become part of many popular music genres, such as pop, big band, blues, rock and roll, ska, and jazz. The saxophones relatively easy learning turn has made it popular in public school music programs for children and adults same (Anonymous, 2011). on that point have been many great saxophone players that have changed the nerve of the music industry, not just jazz. Charlie Parker is said to be one of the most influential and important saxophonists in the jazz community. Parker started off his music go in school where he played the baritone horn. His love of music and his interest moved him over to the low saxophone. Pretty shortly aft(prenominal) starting the alto, Parker quit school and started compete with local bands. While playing with different bands he went to New York, which greatly influenced his style of music. After touring roughly Parker decided to move to New York. Parker got a job washing dishes and met bird Fleet a guitarist. Biddy taught parker about instrumental harmony. Several old age later Parker made his own group that made some of his most famous music. In 1955 at the height of his cargoner he died in a friends apartment (Louck, 2012). Charles Yardbird Parker was an amazing saxophonist who gained wide recognition for his superb solos and innovative improvisations. He was, without a doubt, one of the most influential and gifted musicians in jazz history (Louck, 2012).Another one person to greatly influence jazz is John Coltrane. John Coltrane was always surrounded with music in his family and this is what started him off on the clarinet and the E-flat horn. As Coltrane got older and his tastes in music changed he switched over to the alto saxophone. After world war two where he served in the Navy Band, Coltran e began playing the striving saxophone as well. During this decimal point he played with many different bands and became lastn for development a technique k straight offn as the sheets of sound where he would play at one time, multiple notes. Coltrane in 1960 created his own quartet and created some of the most innovative and expressive music in Jazz history including the hit albums My Favorite Things, Africa Brass, Impressions, Giant Steps, and his monumental work A whop Supreme which attests to the power, glory, love, and greatness of God. Coltrane felt we must all make a conscious effort to effect positive change in the world, and that his music was an instrument to create positive thought patterns in the minds of people (John coltrane -, 2008). afterwards in 1967 John Coltrane died of liver disease. Coltranes music lives on today and he has been commemorated many time over. His music has been played in television shows such as Days of Our Lives, The Cosby Show, ER, and many more. Coltranes music has changed jazz into the expressive art form that it is today (John coltrane -, 2008).Another huge saxophone superstar and invention is Coleman Hawk Hawkins. From the Classic Jazz period to the Swing Era one player had a virtual monopoly on the tenor sax, that man being Coleman Hawkins, a.k.a., the Hawk or the Bean. Hawkins (born 1904, St. Joseph, Mo.) was not the first Jazzman to play the tenor but he was the leader in transforming it into a fully expressive, grueling driving Jazz instrument. Following a ten year period of getting the hang of that confounded contraption, the Hawk went on to a liter year career filled with near flawless playing as leader of his own groups as well as with an amazing form of other combos. He was an inspiration to dozens of circus tent notch Jazz tenor men (Weinstock Len). Coleman Hawkins was great because he mastered the sax in two forms, the hard riffs of playing many notes very quickly, and the slow ballads, this put him at the top of his class. He like the many other musicians bounced around from band to band playing whenever and wherever possible. Hawkins style was different from Charlie Parkers and his made Hawkins look old fashioned. Hawkins changed his style and played with other famous people, even John Coltrane. He also recorded with Duke Ellington. Hawkins had several different times where he was a band leader or accompanied others. He also was featured in the movie Stormy Weather in 1943(www.redhotjazz.com,).In the saxophone family there are many different kinds, for each one a different size. The most commonly played and seen saxophones are the soprano, alto, tenor, and baritone. There are stranger more rare types of saxophone such as the F Mezzo Soprano, C Soprano and F Baritone, but these are rarely seen in c at oncert format. The soprano saxophone is the highest of the saxophones and is played in the key of B flat. This sax can either be found in a curved form, looking like a bum ble alto, or in a straight for, looking like a brass clarinet. This saxophone is not recommended for a beginner because of how strong of an embouchure is needed. Embouchure is the embouchure position needed to play an instrument. The alto sax is usually the most commonly seen sax and is the next step put down in pitch. When one thinks of a saxophone one usually pictures the alto sax. This medium sized, curved with a smaller mouthpiece, instrument is the usual sax that a new player is started on. The alto sax is played in the key of E flat. The tenor sax, which is the next step lower in range, is a larger form of the alto sax and is played in the key of B flat. This type of sax is commonly used in jazz music but can be found in a concert setting also. The largest of all the saxophones commonly seen in music is the Baritone sax, which is also the lowest sound (About.com, 2001). If you saw this saxophone you would know it because it is huge compared to the alto. It takes a lot of lu ng power to play this horn but if played right, it sounds just as beautiful as the other horns.The saxophone is played in a different way than most instruments even though it closely resembles the embouchure of a clarinet. To play a saxophone, a saxophonist holds the saxophone so that the mouthpiece, which is attached to the crook, mildly swings into the mouth for arrangement by adjusting the neck strap. (Smaller saxophones, such as the sopranino and soprillo, may be played without using a neck strap as it suits the player, but it is essential for the larger saxophones.) The mouthpiece is a shaped piece of rubber, plastic, metal, or glass that allows a reed, held in place by a ligature, to vibrate. These vibrations are the birthplace of sound within a saxophone. By placing the mouthpiece gently in ones mouth and blowing across the reed, vibrations travel through the body and out the tone holes that are uncovered. Pressing and opening specific keys allows different tone hole combina tions, which gives the saxophonist the freedom to play over two octaves of pitches. ( more or less saxophonists can play many more octaves by using new fingerings and lead techniques in the upper range, which is known as altissimo) (Anonymous, 2011). When the mouthpiece is in the mouth the player bites with his top teeth straight down on the mouthpiece. Some players opt to getting a sticker type guard for the top of the mouthpiece so it will not wear as fast. The hindquarters teeth are masked by the bottom lip so as not to bite the reed causing squeaking. A player then tightens the corners of the mouth as to frown and blows with a steady bombard of air. The player inklinges through the mouth in quick burst because internal respiration the nose does not get such a deep breath and it is slower. After many hours of practicing with hand placement, learning how to read music and playing one can have a new hobby that can be beneficial to the soul or even to the walletCharlie Parker o nce said Dont play the saxophone. Let it play you (Parker, 12/0). The Saxophone is profoundly rooted in music and the players life. It is not just an instrument to some people, but a way of life. Music is very influential, almost as prominent as religion in some peoples lives. The clarinet may have been popular at one point but now the saxophone is one of the most prominent instruments in jazz to date. The saxophone is one of the most popular instruments to play and listen to as well. Adolphe Sax changed the music scene with his new instrument causing enjoyment for generations. Even with the saxophone never becoming a prominent part in the orchestra Adolphe Sax would be proud of how much the sax has influenced the music industry now and forever.