Immune System and Page Ref

Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology, 9e (Marieb)Chapter 12 The Lymphatic System and Body Defenses Short say Figure 12. 1Using Figure 12. 1, identify the by-line1) A lymph capillary is indicated by earn __________. rejoinder D Diff 2 rogue ref 4042) A lymph node is indicated by letter __________. tell B Diff 2 rascal referee 4043) The lymph duct is indicated by lettter __________. resolving power A Diff 2 summon reviewer 4044) Blood capillaries argon indicated by letter __________. swear out E Diff 2 scallywag reviewer 4045) Lymphatic collecting vessels argon indicated by letter __________. resultant role C Diff 2 page reader 404 1 Figure 12. Using Figure 12. 2, identify the following6) The irascibility is indicated by letter __________. cause C Diff 1 scallywag reader 4077) The tonsils argon indicated by letter __________. attend to A Diff 1 page ref 4078) The genus Thymus gland gland is indicated by letter __________. service B Diff 1 rascal reader 4079 ) The Peyers patches are indicated by letter __________. fare D Diff 1 paginate reader 40710) The lymphoid organ that destroys languid- bug out agate line cable television service cubicles is indicated by letter __________. Answer C Diff 2 foliate reader 407 211) The lymphoid tissue papers that trap and remove bacterium that enter the throat are indicated by letter __________.Answer A Diff 2 rascal Ref 407-408 Fill in the blank or go absent a short answer12) Lymph fluid and some line of work plasm proteins originate (escape) from the _________ _. Answer blood plasma Diff 2 foliate Ref 403-40413) Excess accumulations of fluid, which impair the exchange of materials within the tissues, is called __________. Answer edema Diff 2 scallywag Ref 40314) The fibrous capsule of lymph nodes contains strands called __________ that divide the node into com severments. Answer trabeculae Diff 3 varlet Ref 40615) Lymph exits the lymph node via the __________ vessels. Answer effere nt lymphatic Diff 2 rogue Ref 40616) The role of the __________ in the lymphatic clay is to remove worn -out blood kiosks and return some of the products to the liver. Answer spleen Diff 2 Page Ref 40717) Peyers patches and the tonsils are part of the collection of small lymphoid tissues that cling to the upper respiratory and digestive tracts from infection and are referred to as __________. Answer MALT (mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue) Diff 3 Page Ref 40818) Harmful or unsoundness-causing microorganisms from which non circumstantial defensive structures protect the body are called __________. Answer pathogens Diff 1 Page Ref 40919) The dish out by which WBCs and phagocytes migrate to an vault of heaven experiencing acute inflammation is called __________. Answer chemotaxis Diff 3 Page Ref 41120) The process by which neutrophils squeeze d sensation capillary walls is called __________. Answer diapedesis Diff 2 Page Ref 412 321) The backrest of accompaniment proteins t o authoritative sugar or proteins on a overseas prison cells surf ace is called __________. Answer complement fixation Diff 3 Page Ref 41322) One effect of complement fixation that causes the cell membranes of foreign cells to become sticky so that they are easier to phagocytize is called __________.Answer opsonization Diff 3 Page Ref 41323) Cells studded with protein molecules found on our own cells that do not trigger an immune result within us ( exclusively may within others) are called __________. Answer self-antigens (autoantigens) Diff 1 Page Ref 41624) Troublesome small molecules or incomplete antigens that may mount an glide slope that is harmful rather than protective are called __________. Answer haptens Diff 3 Page Ref 41625) When an antigen binds to B cell advance receptors, it becomes sensitized (activated) and undergoes __________. Answer clonal selection Diff 3 Page Ref 41826) When B cells clangour antigens and produce antibodies against them, we exhibit _____ _____. Answer active claim Diff 2 Page Ref 42027) Antibodies constitute an cardinal part of blood proteins and are also referred to as __________. Answer immunoglobulins Diff 2 Page Ref 42128) The five-spot study immunoglobulin classes are __________. Answer IgM, immunoglobulin A, IdD, IgG, IgE Diff 1 Page Ref 42229) The binding of antibodies to special state of affairss on bacterial exotoxins or viruses is called __________. Answer neutralization Diff 2 Page Ref 42430) The clumping of foreign cells, a token of antigen-antibody re work, is called __________.Answer agglutination Diff 2 Page Ref 42431) Killer T cells, which kill virus-invaded body cells, are also called __________. Answer cytotoxic T cells Diff 3 Page Ref 425 432) Antigens that produce abnormally supple immune responses whereby the immune body causes tissue damage as it fights off a perceived scourge that would otherwise be harmless are called __________. Answer allergens or hypersensitivities Diff 2 Page R ef 43033) general (bodywide) acute allergic response caused by allergens that directly enter the blood, as with certain bee stings or roamer bites, is called __________.Answer anaphylactic shock Diff 2 Page Ref 43034) AIDS cripples the immune system by in use(p) with the activity of cells called __________. Answer helper T cells Diff 2 Page Ref 43135) A tropical malady that results when parasitic worms clog the lymphatic vessels is called __________. Answer elephantiasis Diff 2 Page Ref 431Multiple Choice1) The fluid that is forced out of the capillary beds by hydrostatic and osmotic pressures and into the tissue spaces is called A) arterial blood B) venous blood C) plasma D) interstitial fluid E) lymph Answer E Diff 1 Page Ref 403-4042) Lymph flows A) in a pecker pattern within the tissues B) away from the magnetic core only C) toward the tit only D) both toward and away from the heart E) into the capillaries Answer C Diff 1 Page Ref 4043) Lymph from the left arm would retur n to the heart by the A) inferior vena cava B) thoracic duct C) honorable lymphatic duct D) left subclavian artery E) aorta Answer B Diff 3 Page Ref 404 406 54) Which one of the following is NOT a apparatus that aids lymph return A) milking action of skeletal muscles B) pressure changes within the thorax C) the pumping action of the heart D) calm muscle contractions within the lymphatic vessels E) presence of valves within the larger lymph vessels Answer C Diff 1 Page Ref 4045) Which one of the following is NOT authoritative of lymph nodes A) they remove foreign materials from the lymph fluid B) they have valves analogous to those found in veins C) they contain lymphocytes D) they act as filters along the lymphatic vessels E) they contain macrophages Answer B Diff 2 Page Ref 405-4066) Which lymphatic organs major job is to destroy worn-out red blood cells and return some of the products to the liver A) tonsils B) spleen C) thymus gland D) tonsils E) Peyers patches Answer B D iff 2 Page Ref 407 ) Which lymphoid tissues trap and remove bacteria entering the throat A) axillary lymph nodes B) cervical lymph nodes C) tonsils D) Peyers patches E) thymus gland Answer C Diff 2 Page Ref 4088) Which one of the following is NOT a type of lymphoid organ A) spleen B) thymus gland C) tonsils D) appendix E) Peyers patches Answer D Diff 2 Page Ref 407-408 69) The lymph organ that programs T cells and functions at peak levels only during youth is the A) thymus B) spleen C) appendix D) tonsils E) Peyers patches Answer A Diff 2 Page Ref 40810) The lymph tissues found within the walls of the small catgut are called A) tonsils B) appendix C) Peyers patches D) thymus tissues E) intestinal nodes Answer C Diff 2 Page Ref 40811) Which of these lymphoid organs is found along the left side of the abdominal cavity A) spleen B) Peyers patches C) thymus gland D) tonsils E) axillary lymph nodes Answer A Diff 1 Page Ref 40712) Musoca-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT) includes A) sple en B) thymus gland C) tonsils only D) tonsils and Peyers patches E) tonsils and spleen Answer D Diff 3 Page Ref 40813) The bodys first line of defense against the invasion of disorder -causing microorganisms is A) phagocytes B) natural killer cells C) skin and mucous membranes D) incitive response E) feverishness Answer C Diff 2 Page Ref 409 714) Compared to the non proper(postnominal) chemicals that cover body surfaces and mucous membranes, the specific body defense system is A) faster B) slower C) the kindred speed D) some clock times faster and sometimes slower E) not comparable in speed Answer B Diff 2 Page Ref 40915) Which one of the following is NOT one of the nonspecific body defenses A) intact skin B) antibody production C) the unhealthy response D) fever E) natural killer cells Answer B Diff 2 Page Ref 409-41516) The process by which neutrophils are squeezed through the capillary wall s during the inflammatory process is called A) agglutination B) chemotaxis C) diapede sis D) clotting E) antibody production Answer C Diff 2 Page Ref 41217) Which one of the following is NOT one of the four most common indic ators of the inflammatory response A) redness B) heat C) swelling D) fever E) annoying Answer D Diff 1 Page Ref 410-41218) The migration of phagocytes and white blood cells to an inflamed sweep along a chemical gradient is called A) diapedesis B) chemotaxis C) immunity D) perforins E) complement fixationAnswer B Diff 2 Page Ref 411 819) The inflammatory process begins with exit of chemicals, which do all of the following EXCEPT A) dilate blood vessels B) attract phagocytes to the area C) stimulate release of lysozyme D) cause capillaries to become leaky E) activate pain receptors Answer C Diff 2 Page Ref 411-41220) Tissues invaded by viruses, which attempt to replicate themselves by taking over cellular machinery, secrete small proteins called __________ to protect nearby cells and hinder further multiplication of the viruses. A) histamine B) interferon C) kinins D) interleukins E) pyrogens Answer B Diff 2 Page Ref 413 41521) The bodys temperature-regulating thermostat that can be reset upward in response to pyrogens is located in the A) hypothalamus B) thalamus C) pineal gland D) cerebellum E) medulla oblongata Answer A Diff 1 Page Ref 41522) fever has the effect of doing all of the following EXCEPT A) denaturing (scrambling) proteins B) stimulating the liver and spleen to gather up iron out and zinc C) increasing metabolic rate of tissue cells D) stimulating complement fixation E) speeding up repair processes Answer D Diff 3 Page Ref 41523) The study of immunity is called A) histology B) anatomy C) pathology D) immunology E) microbiology Answer D Diff 1 Page Ref 415 924) Which of the following substances is NOT typically perceived as an antigen A) pollen grains B) bacteria C) self-antigens D) fungi E) virus particles Answer C Diff 2 Page Ref 41625) Which one of the following CANNOT be said about the history of immu nity A) the ancient Greeks knew something existed within the body to protect it from infectious ailment B) scientists of the 1800s discovered factors now called antibodies C) scientists of the 1800s demonstrated that immune serum could protect another animal from diseaseD) scientists of the mid-1900s discovered the viral origin of AIDS E) scientists of the mid-1900s discovered that injection of serum containing antibodies did NOT always protect a recipient from disease Answer D Diff 2 Page Ref 41526) Regardless of whether it matures into a B cell or a T cell, a lymphocyte that is capable of responding to a specific antigen by binding to it is said to be A) clonal B) incompetent C) immune D) immunocompetent E) complemented Answer D Diff 3 Page Ref 41627) The specific foreign substances that an privates immune system has the ability to recognize and resist is mouldd by A) individual exposure to the specific foreign substance B) individual genetic makeup C) the total number of lymp hocytes exemplify at a given time D) the total number of macrophages at a given time E) the total number of self-antigens at a given time Answer B Diff 3 Page Ref 41728) Which one of the following is NOT true of macrophages A) they are considered the big eaters of the immune system B) they swallow up foreign particles C) they circulate continuously throughout the body D) they act as antigen presenters E) they secrete monokines Answer C Diff 2 Page Ref 418 1029) B cells develop immunocompetence in the A) thymus gland B) beat perfume C) spleen D) thyroid gland E) lymph nodes Answer B Diff 2 Page Ref 41730) The specific type of acquired immunity that a fetus obtains from maternal antibodies that cross the placenta is called A) naturally acquired active immunity B) naturally acquired unresisting immunity C) unnaturally acquired active immunity D) artificially acquired passive immunity E) artificially acquired natural immunity Answer B Diff 1 Page Ref 42031) What specific type of ac quired immunity do vaccines provide A) naturally acquired active immunity B) naturally acquired passive immunity C) artificially acquired active immunity D) artificially acquired passive immunity E) naturally acquired artificial immunity Answer C Diff 1 Page Ref 42032) Vaccines are NOT for A) pneumonia B) tetanus C) measles D) ophidian bites E) polio Answer D Diff 2 Page Ref 42033) Immune sera are used for all of the following EXCEPT A) tuberculosis B) rabies C) snake bites D) botulism E) tetanus Answer A Diff 2 Page Ref 421 1134) Which one of the following is NOT true of basic antibody structure A) they consist of four aminic pane chains B) they are linked unitedly by disulfide bonds C) the heavy chains are identicalD) the heavy chains are about 400 amino doses long E) the light chains are often of differing lengths Answer E Diff 3 Page Ref 421-42235) Which one of the following is NOT true of the constant (C) regions of antibodies A) they are the same or nearly the same B) the y form the stem of an antibody C) they determine the specific type of antibody class formed D) they form an antigen-binding site E) they determine how an antibody class will carry out its immune role Answer D Diff 3 Page Ref 42236) Which one of the following is NOT one of the antibody classes A) IgA B) IgB C) immunoglobulin D D) IgG E) IgE Answer B Diff 1 Page Ref 42237) IgA A) is mainly found in mucus and secretions much(prenominal) as tears and saliva B) is passed from generate to fetus during pregnancy C) is the most abundant antibody in blood plasma D) can fix complement E) is involved in allergies Answer A Diff 3 Page Ref 42338) Which one of the following is NOT a method by which antibodies inactivate antigen s A) agglutination B) chemotaxis C) complement fixation D) neutralization E) precipitation Answer B Diff 2 Page Ref 423-424 1239) The specific antibody class that has the ability to cross the placental barrier and provide immunity to the fetus is A) IgM B) IgA C) IgD D) IgG E) IgE Answer D Diff 2 Page Ref 422-42340) The process by which antibodies bind to specific sites on bacterial exotoxins (toxic chemicals secreted by bacteria) to block their harmful effects is called A) agglutination B) chemotaxis C) complement fixation D) neutralization E) precipitation Answer D Diff 2 Page Ref 42441) Antigen presentation is inborn for the activation and clonal selection of A) T cells B) B cells C) plasma cell D) antigen-presenting cells E) antibodies Answer A Diff 2 Page Ref 42542) An isograft is a tissue graft donated by A) an unrelated person B) a erect C) a different animal species D) the same person E) an identical twin Answer E Diff 2 Page Ref 42743) Which one of the following is NOT a type of immunosuppressive therapy given after surgery to prevent rejection of a graft A) corticosteroids B) radiation C) antiproliferative drugs D) gamma globulin E) immunosuppressive drugs Answer D Diff 2 Page Ref 429 1344) With immediate hypersensitivy, the antibody cl ass that binds to mast cells and basophils that trigger the release of histamine and other chemicals is A) IgM B) IgA C) IgD D) IgG E) IgE Answer E Diff 2 Page Ref 422-42345) Allergic contact dermatitis following skin contact with poison ivy would normally lead to A) immediate hypersensitivity B) acute hypersensitivity C) delayed hypersensitivity D) anaphylactic shock E) immunodeficiency Answer C Diff 2 Page Ref 43146) The relatively common autoimmune disease in which the thyroid gland produces excessive amounts of thyroxine is called A) multiple sclerosis B) Graves disease C) myasthenia gravis D) glomerulonephritis E) general lupus erythematosis Answer B Diff 2 Page Ref 42947) Which one of the following is NOT an autoimmune disease A) AIDS B) multiple sclerosisC) Graves disease D) type I diabetes mellitus E) rheumatoid arthritis Answer A Diff 2 Page Ref 429True/False1) The flaplike minivalves of the lymph capillaries act like one -way swinging doors that allow lymph fluid to enter the lymph capillaries but not exit. Answer accredited Diff 2 Page Ref 4042) The daughter cells of B cells, called plasma cells, release antibodies. Answer full-strength Diff 2 Page Ref 418 143) Lymph in the right arm is returned to the heart via the right lymphatic duct. Answer TRUE Diff 2 Page Ref 4044) The thymus gland, found around the trachea, programs certain lymphocytes. Answer infatuated Diff 2 Page Ref 4085) The tonsils, spleen, thymus gland, and Peyers patches are referred to as mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT). Answer FALSE Diff 2 Page Ref 4086) Natural killers are unique phagocytic defense cells that can kill genus Cancer cells and virus infected body cells well before the immune system i s activated. Answer FALSE Diff 2 Page Ref 4107) Some pathologists consider limit point of joint movement to be an additional fifth cardinal sign of inflammation. Answer TRUE Diff 1 Page Ref 4128) The final disposal of cell debris as inflammation subsides is performed by ne utrophils. Answer FALSE Diff 3 Page Ref 4129) The nonspecific defense by which complement proteins attach to sugars or proteins on the surface of foreign cells is called complement fixation. Answer TRUE Diff 1 Page Ref 41310) Chemicals secreted by white blood cells and macrophages exposed to foreign substances that can increase body temperature are called pyrogens. Answer TRUE Diff 1 Page Ref 41511) Fever is a systemic response triggered by pyrogens. Answer TRUE Diff 2 Page Ref 41512) Like all blood cells, lymphocytes originate from hemocytoblasts contained within red bone marrow. Answer TRUE Diff 3 Page Ref 41613) Macrophages arise from monoctyes formed within the bone marrow. Answer TRUE Diff 2 Page Ref 418 1514) Extremely weakened pathogens that are still alive are attenuated. Answer TRUE Diff 2 Page Ref 42015) Artificially acquired passive immunity is conferred when o ne receives immune serum for poisonous snake bites. Answer TRUE Diff 3 Page Ref 42116) Antibodies are also refer red to as immunoglobulins. Answer TRUE Diff 1 Page Ref 42117) There are tercet major immunoglobulin classes IgM, IgA , and IgD. Answer FALSE Diff 2 Page Ref 42218) The antibody a mother passes to her fetus is IgM. Answer FALSE Diff 3 Page Ref 422-42319) The process that occurs when antibodies clump foreign cells is called agglutination. Answer TRUE Diff 2 Page Ref 42420) Memory cells are descendants of an activated B or T cell. Answer TRUE Diff 3 Page Ref 42721) An antibody is a substance capable of enkindle an immune response. Answer FALSE Diff 2 Page Ref 41622) Tissue grafts harvested from an unrelated person are called xenografts. Answer FALSE Diff 1 Page Ref 42723) Allografts are tissue grafts taken from an unrelated person. Answer TRUE Diff 2 Page Ref 42724) Allergies, or hypersensitivities, are normal immune responses. Answer FALSE Diff 2 Page Ref 43025) Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system loses its ability to tolerate self antigens while still recognizing and a ttaching foreign antigens. Answer TRUE Diff 3 Page Ref 429 1626) Our immune system can be affected by severe stress. Answer TRUE Diff 1 Page Ref 435 containing Match the following descriptions with the appropriate lymphoid organ or tissue1) determined on the left side of the A) thymus gland abdominal cavity Diff 1 Page Ref 407 B) spleen2) lying in wait and remove bacteria and pathogens entering the throat Diff 2 Page Ref 408 C) Peyers patches D) tonsils3) Located overlying the heart Diff 1 Page Ref 4084) Filters and cleanses the blood of bacteria, viruses, and other debris Diff 2 Page Ref 407-4085) Located in the wall of the small intestines Diff 1 Page Ref 4086) Located in the pharynx (throat) Diff 1 1) B Page Ref 408 2) D 3) A 4) B 17 5) C 6) D Match the following protective mechanism with its associated element7) Traps microorganisms in A) nasal hairs respiratory and digestive tracts Diff 1 Page Ref 409 B) mucus C) acid mantle8) Inhibits growth of bacteria and fungi in female reproductive tract Diff 1 Page Ref 409 E) keratin ) Contains lysozyme Diff 2 D) lacrimal secretions F) cilia Page Ref 409 G) stomachic juice10) Provides resistance against acids, alkalis, and bacterial enzymes Diff 1 Page Ref 40911) Filters and traps microorganisms within inhaled air Diff 1 Page Ref 40912) Contains concentrated hydrochloric acid and protein-digested enzymes that destroy pathogens within the stomach Diff 1 Page Ref 40913) Propels debris-laden mucus away from lower respiratory passages Diff 1 7) B 13) F Page Ref 409 8) C 9) D 10) E 18 11) A 12) G Match the following biological function with its antibody class14) Believed to be cell surface A) IgD receptor of immunocompetent B cell Diff 3 Page Ref 422-423 B) IgG C) IgA15) outgrowth immunoglobulin class released to plasma by plasma cells during primary response Diff 3 Page Ref 422-423 D) IgM E) IgE16) Main antibody of primary and secondary responses Diff 3 Page Ref 422-42317) Bathes and protects mucosal surfaces from attachment of pathogens Diff 3 Page Ref 422-42318) Triggers the release of histamine Diff 3 Page Ref 422-42319) Potent agglutinating agent Diff 3 Page Ref 422-42320) Crosses placenta and provides passive immunity to fetus Diff 3 14) A 20) B Page Ref 422-423 15) D 6) B 17) C 18) E 19) DEssay1) develop the origin and pathway of lymph. Answer Lymph fluid arises from blood plasma that has been forced out of the capillary beds by osmotic and hydrostatic pressures. The fluid left behind is called interstitial fluid. The interstitial fluid is then picked up by lymph capillaries, after which it is called lymph. Lymph is routed up the lymphatic vessels until it is finally returned to the venous system through either the right lymphatic duct or the thoracic duct. Diff 2 Page Ref 403-404 192) Describe the methods the body uses to help return lymph to the heart.Answer The return of lymph to the heart is aided by 1. the milking action of the skeletal muscles, 2. pressure changes in the thorax d uring brea thing, 3. smooth muscles in the walls of the larger lymphatics contract rhythmically. Diff 1 Page Ref 404-4053) Describe several of the protective chemicals produced by the skin and mucous membranes. Answer Skin produces acid secretions that inhibit bacterial growth, and sebum contains chemicals that are toxic to bacteria. Vaginal secretions are highly acidic. The stomach mucosa secretes hydrochloric acid and protein-digesting enzymes, both of which can kill pathogens. Saliva and tears contain lysozyme, an enzyme that destroys bacteria. Mucus is a sticky mucous membrane secretion that traps microorganisms. Diff 2 Page Ref 4094) Identify the four most common indicators and major symptoms of an acute inflammatory response and explain their origins. Answer The four most common indicators of the inflammatory response are redness, heat, swelling, and pain. Redness and heat are a result of dilation of blood vessels that increase blood flow to the injured area. Swelling occurs w hen increa sed permeability of the capillaries allows plasma to leak from the bloodstream into the tissue spaces. The excess fluid, or edema, triggers the activation of pain receptors in the area, accounting for the pain associated with an injury. Diff 2 Page Ref 410-4125) List and trace the cells and chemicals the body uses as its second line of defense. Answer 1. Phagocytes, such(prenominal) as neutrophils or macrophages, engulf foreign particles. These cells are in nearly every body organ and confront pathoge ns that make it through the surface membrane barriers. 2. Natural killer cells, found in blood and lymph, are lymphocytes. They can lyse and kill cancer cells and virus-infected body cells. 3. The inflammatory response is a nonspecific response that occurs when body tissues are injured. Diff 2 Page Ref 409-4116) Describe the four major types of transplant grafts. Answer Autografts are tissue grafts transplanted from one site to another within the same person. Isografts are tissue grafts harves ted from a genetically identical person (identical twin). Allografts are tissue grafts harvested from an unrelated person. Xenografts are tissue grafts harvested from different animal species. Diff 2 Page Ref 4277) Explain three current theories that attempt to explain why self-tolerance breaks down in autoimmune disorders.Answer Inefficient lymphocyte programming is one conjecture that suggests self-reactive B or T cells escape to the rest of the body. Another theory is that self -proteins appear within the circulation that were not previously exposed to the immune system, thus initiating an immune response. These occult antigens are found in sperm cells, the eye lens, and thyroid proteins. Another theory is that antibodies produced against fore ign antigens cross-react with self-antigens such as when streptococcal bacteria crossreact with heart antigens causing rheumatic fever. Diff 3 Page Ref 429 20